IIPR Innovative Industrial Properties Inc

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

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Commission file number: 001-37949

Innovative Industrial Properties, Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Not Applicable

(Former Name, Former Address and Former Fiscal Year, if Changed Since Last Report)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑     No ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑     No ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☑

As of May 6, 2021 there were 23,926,317 shares of common stock outstanding.

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INNOVATIVE INDUSTRIAL PROPERTIES, INC.

FORM 10-Q – QUARTERLY REPORT

March 31, 2021

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PART I

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PART II

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See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

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See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Innovative Industrial Properties, Inc.

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Reportable Segment. We are engaged in the business of providing real estate for the regulated cannabis industry. Our properties are similar in that they are leased to the state-licensed operators on a long-term triple-net basis, consist of improvements that are reusable and have similar economic characteristics. Our chief operating decision maker reviews financial information for our entire consolidated operations when making decisions related to assessing our operating performance. We have aggregated the properties into one reportable segment as the properties share similar long-term economic characteristics and have other similarities, including the fact that they are operated using consistent business strategies. The financial information disclosed herein represents all of the financial information related to our one reportable segment.

Acquisition of Real Estate Properties. Our investment in real estate is recorded at historical cost, less accumulated depreciation. Upon acquisition of a property, the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed are initially measured based upon their relative fair values. We estimate the fair value of land by reviewing comparable sales within the same submarket and/or region, the fair value of buildings on an as-if vacant basis and may engage third-party valuation specialists. Acquisition costs are capitalized as incurred. All of our acquisitions to date were recorded as asset acquisitions.

Depreciation. We consider the period of future benefit of the assets to determine the appropriate estimated useful lives. Depreciation of our assets is charged to expense on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives. We depreciate each of our buildings and improvements over its estimated remaining useful life, generally not to exceed 40 years. We depreciate tenant improvements at our buildings where we are considered the owner over the estimated useful lives of the improvements, not to exceed 40 years.

We depreciate office equipment and furniture and fixtures over estimated useful lives ranging from three to six years. We depreciate the leasehold improvements at our corporate office over the shorter of the estimated useful lives or the initial lease term.

Provision for Impairment. On a quarterly basis, we review current activities and changes in the business conditions of all of our properties prior to and subsequent to the end of each quarter to determine the existence of any triggering events or impairment indicators requiring an impairment analysis. If triggering events or impairment indicators are identified, we review an estimate of the future undiscounted cash flows for the properties, including, if necessary, a probability-weighted approach if multiple outcomes are under consideration.

Long-lived assets are individually evaluated for impairment when conditions exist that may indicate that the carrying amount of a long-lived asset may not be recoverable. The carrying amount of a long-lived asset to be held and used is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset. Impairment indicators or triggering events for long-lived assets to be held and used are assessed by project and include significant fluctuations in estimated net operating income, occupancy changes, significant near-term lease expirations, current and historical operating and/or cash flow losses, construction costs, estimated completion dates, rental rates, and other market factors. We assess the expected undiscounted cash flows based upon numerous factors, including, but not limited to, construction costs, available market information, current and historical operating results, known trends, current market/economic conditions that may affect the property, and our assumptions about the use of the asset, including, if necessary, a probability-weighted approach if multiple outcomes are under consideration. Upon determination that an impairment has occurred, a write-down is recognized to reduce the carrying amount to its estimated fair value. We may adjust depreciation of properties that are expected to be disposed of or redeveloped prior to the end of their useful lives. No impairment losses were recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020.

Revenue Recognition. Our leases are triple-net leases, an arrangement under which the tenant maintains the property while paying us rent. We account for our current leases as operating leases and record revenue for each of our properties on a cash basis due to the uncertain regulatory environment in the United States relating to the regulated cannabis industry and the uncertainty of collectability of lease payments from each tenant due to its limited operating history. Contractually obligated reimbursements from tenants for recoverable real estate taxes, insurance and operating expenses are included in rental revenues in the period when such costs are reimbursed by the tenants. Contractually obligated real estate taxes that are paid directly by the tenant to the tax authorities are not reflected in our condensed consolidated financial statements.

Cash and Cash Equivalents. We consider all highly-liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. As of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, $109.7 million and $98.3 million, respectively, were invested in short-term money market funds, obligations of the U.S. government and certificates of deposit with an original maturity at the time of purchase of less than or equal to three months.

Investments. Investments consist of obligations of the U.S. government and certificates of deposit with an original maturity at the time of purchase of greater than three months. Investments are classified as held-to-maturity and stated at amortized cost.

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Exchangeable Notes. The “Debt with Conversion and Other Options” Topic of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification requires the liability and equity components of exchangeable debt instruments that may be settled in cash upon exchange, including partial cash settlement, to be separately accounted for in a manner that reflects the issuer’s nonexchangeable debt borrowing rate. The initial proceeds from the sale of our Exchangeable Senior Notes (as defined below) were allocated between a liability component and an equity component in a manner that reflects interest expense at the rate of similar nonexchangeable debt that could have been issued at such time. The equity component represents the excess initial proceeds received over the fair value of the liability component of the Exchangeable Senior Notes as of the date of issuance. We measured the estimated fair value of the debt component of our Exchangeable Senior Notes as of the date of issuance based on our estimated nonexchangeable debt borrowing rate with the assistance of a third-party valuation specialist as we do not have a history of borrowing arrangements and there is limited empirical data available related to the Company’s industry due to the regulatory uncertainty of the cannabis market in which the Company’s tenants operate. The equity component of our Exchangeable Senior Notes is reflected within additional paid-in capital on our condensed consolidated balance sheets, and the resulting debt discount is amortized over the period during which the Exchangeable Senior Notes are expected to be outstanding (through the maturity date) as additional non-cash interest expense. The additional non-cash interest expense attributable to our Exchangeable Senior Notes will increase in subsequent periods through the maturity date as the Exchangeable Senior Notes accrete to the par value over the same period.

Deferred Financing Costs. The deferred financing costs that are included as a reduction in the net book value of the related liability on our condensed consolidated balance sheets reflect issuance and other costs related to our Exchangeable Senior Notes. These costs are amortized as non-cash interest expense using the effective interest method over the life of the Exchangeable Senior Notes.

Stock-Based Compensation. Stock-based compensation for equity awards is based on the grant date fair value of the equity awards and is recognized over the requisite service or performance period. If awards are forfeited prior to vesting, we reverse any previously recognized expense related to such awards in the period during which the forfeiture occurs and reclassify any non-forfeitable dividends and dividend equivalents previously paid on these awards from retained earnings to compensation expense. Forfeitures are recognized as incurred. Certain equity awards are subject to vesting based upon the satisfaction of various market conditions. Forfeiture of share awards with market-based restrictions does not result in a reversal of previously recognized share-based compensation expense.

Lease Accounting. In February 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-02, Leases; in July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases, and ASU 2018-11, Lease – Targeted Improvements; and in December 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-20, Narrow-Scope Improvements for Lessors. This group of ASUs is collectively referred to as Topic 842 and was effective for the Company and for its consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2019.

We adopted Topic 842 effective as of January 1, 2019 using the effective date method and elected the package of practical expedients that allows an entity not to reassess upon adoption (i) whether an expired or existing contract contains a lease, (ii) whether a lease classification related to expired or existing lease arrangements, and (iii) whether costs incurred on expired or existing leases qualify as initial direct costs, and as a lessor, the practical expedient not to separate certain non-lease components, such as common area maintenance, from the lease component if  the timing and pattern of transfer are the same for the non-lease component and associated lease component, and  the lease component would be classified as an operating lease if accounted for separately. We also elected the lessor practical expedient, allowing us to continue to amortize previously capitalized initial direct leasing costs incurred prior to the adoption of Topic 842.

As lessee, we recognized a liability to account for our future obligations related to our corporate office lease, which had a remaining lease term of approximately 4.0 years and 4.3 years as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, excluding the extension option that we are not reasonably certain to exercise, and a corresponding right-of-use asset. The lease liability is measured based on the present value of the future lease payments discounted using the estimated incremental borrowing rate of 7.25%, which is the interest rate that we estimate we would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term for an amount equal to the lease payments. Subsequently, the lease liability is accreted by applying a discount rate established at the lease commencement date to the lease liability balance as of the beginning of the period and is reduced by the payments made during the period.

The right-of-use asset is measured based on the corresponding lease liability. We did not incur any initial direct leasing costs and any other consideration exchanged with the landlord prior to the commencement of the lease. Subsequently, the right-of-use asset is amortized on a straight-line basis during the lease term. For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, we recognized office lease expense of approximately $57,000 and $58,000, respectively, which are included in general and administrative expense in our

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consolidated statements of income. For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, amounts paid and classified as operating activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows for the office lease were approximately $59,000 and $22,000, respectively.

As lessor, for each of our real estate transactions involving the leaseback of the related property to the seller or affiliates of the seller, we determine whether these transactions qualify as sale and leaseback transactions under the accounting guidance. For these transactions, we consider various inputs and assumptions including, but not necessarily limited to, lease terms, renewal options, discount rates, and other rights and provisions in the purchase and sale agreement, lease and other documentation to determine whether control has been transferred to the Company or remains with the lessee. A transaction involving a sale leaseback will be treated as a purchase of a real estate property if it is considered to transfer control of the underlying asset from the lessee. A lease will be classified as direct-financing if risks and rewards are conveyed without the transfer of control and will be classified as a sales-type lease if control of the underlying asset is transferred to the lessee. Otherwise, the lease is treated as an operating lease. These criteria also include estimates and assumptions regarding the fair value of the leased facilities, minimum lease payments, the economic useful life of the facilities, the existence of a purchase option, and certain other terms in the lease agreements. The lease accounting guidance requires accounting for a transaction as a financing in a sale leaseback when the seller-lessee is provided an option to purchase the property from the landlord at the tenant’s option. Our leases continued to be classified as operating leases and we continue to record revenue for each of our properties on a cash basis. Our tenant reimbursable revenue and property expenses continue to be presented on a gross basis as rental revenue and as property expenses, respectively, on our consolidated statements of income. Property taxes paid directly by the lessee to a third party continue to be excluded from our consolidated financial statements.

In April 2020, in response to the coronavirus pandemic and associated severe economic disruption, we amended leases at certain of our properties to provide for temporary base rent and property management fee deferrals through June 30, 2020. The FASB has issued additional guidance for companies to account for any coronavirus related rent concessions in the form of FASB staff and board members' remarks at the April 8, 2020 public meeting and the FASB staff question-and-answer document issued on April 10, 2020. We have elected the practical expedient which allows us to not have to evaluate whether concessions provided in response to coronavirus pandemic are lease modifications. This relief is subject to certain conditions being met, including ensuring the total remaining lease payments are substantially the same or less as compared to the original lease payments prior to the concession being granted.

Lease amendments that are not associated with the coronavirus pandemic are evaluated to determine if the modification grants the lessee an additional right-of-use not included in the original lease and if the lease payments increase commensurate with the standalone price of the additional right-of-use, adjusted for the circumstances of the particular contract. If both conditions are present, the lease amendment is accounted for as a new lease that is separate from the original lease.

One of our leases that was entered into prior to 2019 provides the lessee with a purchase option to purchase the leased property at the end of the initial lease term in September 2034, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions. The purchase option provision allows the lessee to purchase the leased property at the greatest of (a) the fair value; (b) the value determined by dividing the then-current base rent by 8%; and (c) an amount equal to our gross investment in the property (including the purchase price at acquisition and any additional investment in the property made by us during the term of the lease), indexed to inflation. At March 31, 2021, our gross investment in the property with the purchase option was approximately $30.5 million. At March 31, 2021, the purchase option was not exercisable.

Our leases generally contain options to extend the lease terms at the prevailing market rate or at the expiring rental rate at the time of expiration. Certain of our leases provide the lessee with a right of first refusal or right of first offer in the event we market the leased property for sale.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements. In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06, Debt — Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity. ASU 2020-06 simplifies the accounting for convertible debt by eliminating the beneficial conversion and cash conversion accounting models. ASU 2020-06 also updates the earnings per share calculation and requires entities to assume share settlement when the convertible debt can be settled in cash or shares. ASU 2020-06 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, including interim periods within those fiscal years, and is to be adopted through a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings either at the date of adoption or in the first comparative period presented. Early adoption is permitted but only as of the beginning of the fiscal year. Upon adoption of ASU 2020-06, convertible debt proceeds, unless issued with a substantial premium or an embedded conversion feature, will no longer be allocated between debt and equity components. Upon our adoption, it will reduce the issue discount and will result in less non-cash interest expense in our consolidated financial statements. Additionally, ASU 2020-06 will result in the reporting of diluted earnings per share, if the effect is dilutive, in our consolidated financial statements, regardless of our settlement intent. We will be required to adopt ASU 2020-06 on January 1, 2022.

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Concentration of Credit Risk. As of March 31, 2021, we owned 68 properties located in Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Texas, Virginia and Washington. The ability of any of our tenants to honor the terms of their leases is dependent upon the economic, regulatory, competition, natural and social factors affecting the community in which that tenant operates.

The following table sets forth the five tenants in our portfolio that represented the largest percentage of our total rental revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, including tenant reimbursements:

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As of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, none of our properties individually represented more than 5% of our net real estate held for investment.

We have deposited cash with a financial institution that is insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) up to $250,000. As of March 31, 2021, we had cash accounts in excess of FDIC insured limits. We have not experienced any losses in such accounts.

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3. Common Stock

As of March 31, 2021, the Company was authorized to issue up to 50,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share, and there were 23,926,317 shares of common stock issued and outstanding.

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4. Preferred Stock

As of March 31, 2021, the Company was authorized to issue up to 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share, and there were issued and outstanding 600,000 shares of 9.00% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, $0.001 par value per share (the “Series A Preferred Stock”). Generally, the Company is not permitted to redeem the Series A Preferred Stock prior to October 19, 2022, except in limited circumstances relating to the Company’s ability to qualify as a REIT and in certain other circumstances related to a change of control/delisting (as defined in the articles supplementary for the Series A Preferred Stock). On or after October 19, 2022, the Company may, at its option, redeem the Series A Preferred Stock, in whole or in part, at any time or from time to time, for cash at a redemption price of $25.00 per share, plus all accrued and unpaid dividends on such Series A Preferred Stock up to, but excluding the redemption date. Holders of the Series A Preferred Stock generally have no voting rights except for limited voting rights if the Company fails to pay dividends for six or more quarterly periods (whether or not consecutive) and in certain other circumstances.

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5. Dividends

The following table describes the dividends declared by the Company during the three months ended March 31, 2021:

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6. Investments in Real Estate

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The properties acquired during the three months ended March 31, 2021 generated approximately $911,000 of rental revenues (including tenant reimbursements) and approximately $743,000 of net operating income after deducting property and depreciation expenses, during that period. The properties acquired during the three months ended March 31, 2020 generated approximately $766,000 of rental revenues (including tenant reimbursements) and approximately $460,000 of net operating income after deducting property and depreciation expenses, during that period.

New Lease and Lease Amendments

In January 2021, we executed a new lease at our Los Angeles, California property with a subsidiary of Holistic Industries Inc., pursuant to which we agreed to make available up to $11.0 million in funding for future tenant improvements at the property.

In February 2021, we amended our lease with a subsidiary of LivWell Holdings, Inc. at one of our Michigan properties, increasing the tenant improvement allowance under the lease by approximately $6.9 million to a total of approximately $29.9 million, which also resulted in a corresponding adjustment to the base rent for the lease at the property.

In February 2021, we amended our lease with PharmaCann Inc. at one of our New York properties, increasing the tenant improvement allowance under the lease by $2.5 million to a total of approximately $33.5 million, which also resulted in a corresponding adjustment to the base rent for the lease at the property.

Including all of our properties, during the three months ended March 31, 2021, we capitalized costs of approximately $93.7 million and funded approximately $64.2 million relating to tenant improvements and construction activities at our properties.

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Future contractual minimum rent (including base rent, supplemental base rent (for one of our properties in New York) and property management fees) under the operating leases as of March 31, 2021 for future periods is summarized as follows (in thousands):

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7. Exchangeable Senior Notes

As of March 31, 2021, our Operating Partnership had outstanding approximately $143.75 million principal amount of 3.75% Exchangeable Senior Notes due 2024 (the "Exchangeable Senior Notes"). The Exchangeable Senior Notes are senior unsecured obligations of our Operating Partnership, are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by us and our Operating Partnership’s subsidiaries and are exchangeable for cash, shares of our common stock, or a combination of cash and shares of our common stock, at our Operating Partnership’s option, at any time prior to the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the stated maturity date. The exchange rate for the Exchangeable Senior Notes at March 31, 2021 was 15.10243 shares of our common stock per $1,000 principal amount of Notes and the exchange price at March 31, 2021 was approximately $66.215 per share of our common stock. The exchange rate and exchange price are subject to adjustment in certain circumstances. The Exchangeable Senior Notes will pay interest semiannually at a rate of 3.75% per annum and will mature on February 21, 2024, unless earlier exchanged or repurchased in accordance with their terms. Our Operating Partnership will not have the right to redeem the Exchangeable Senior Notes prior to maturity, but may be required to repurchase the Exchangeable Senior Notes from holders under certain circumstances.

Upon our issuance of the Exchangeable Senior Notes in February 2019, we recorded an approximately $5.8 million discount based on the implied value of the exchange option and an assumed effective interest rate of 4.65%, as well as approximately $5.2 million of initial issuance costs, of which approximately $5.0 million and $200,000 were allocated to the liability and equity components, respectively, based on their relative fair values. Issuance costs allocated to the liability component are being amortized using the effective interest method and recognized as non-cash interest expense over the expected term of the Exchangeable Senior Notes.

The following table details our interest expense related to the Exchangeable Senior Notes (in thousands):

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The following table details the carrying value of our Exchangeable Senior Notes on our condensed consolidated balance sheets (in thousands):

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Accrued interest payable for the Exchangeable Senior Notes as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 was approximately $225,000 and $1.6 million, respectively, and is included in accounts payable and accrued expenses on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

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8. Net Income Per Share

Grants of restricted stock of the Company and restricted stock units (“RSUs”) in share-based payment transactions are considered participating securities prior to vesting and, therefore, are considered in computing basic earnings per share under the two-class method. The two-class method is an earnings allocation method for calculating earnings per share when a company’s capital structure includes either two or more classes of common stock or common stock and participating securities. Earnings per basic share under the two-class method is calculated based on dividends declared on common shares and other participating securities (“distributed earnings”) and the rights of participating securities in any undistributed earnings, which represents net income remaining after deduction of dividends accruing during the period. The undistributed earnings are allocated to all outstanding common shares and participating securities based on the relative percentage of each security to the total number of outstanding participating securities. Earnings per basic share represents the summation of the distributed and undistributed earnings per share class divided by the total number of shares.

Through March 31, 2021, all of the Company’s participating securities received dividends or dividend equivalents at an equal dividend rate per share or unit. As a result, distributions to participating securities for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 have been included in net income attributable to common stockholders to calculate net income per basic and diluted share. The 2,170,959 shares necessary to settle the Exchangeable Senior Notes on the if-exchanged method basis were dilutive for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and were included in the computation of diluted earnings per share. The 2,117,422 shares necessary to settle the Exchangeable Senior Notes on the if-exchanged method basis were anti-dilutive for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share. Performance share units (“PSUs”) granted to certain employees during the three months ended March 31, 2021 were not included in dilutive securities as of March 31, 2021 as the performance thresholds for vesting of any performance share units were not met (see Note 10 for further discussion of the PSUs).

Computations of net income per basic and diluted share (in thousands, except share data) were as follows:

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9. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Accounting guidance also establishes a fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The standard describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

Level 1—Observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 2—Includes other inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace.

Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activities, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions.

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The following table presents the carrying value in the condensed consolidated financial statements and approximate fair value of financial instruments at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

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As of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, cash equivalent instruments consisted of $109.7 million and $98.3 million, respectively, in short-term money market funds that were measured using the net asset value per share that have not been classified using the fair value hierarchy. The fund invests primarily in short-term U.S. Treasury and government securities. Short-term investments consisting of certificate of deposits and obligations of the U.S. government are stated at amortized cost, which approximates their relative fair values due to the short-term maturities and market rates of interest of these instruments.

The carrying amounts of financial instruments such as cash equivalents invested in certificates of deposit, obligations of the U.S. government with an original maturity at the time of purchase of less than or equal to three months, accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities approximate their fair values due to the short-term maturities and market rates of interest of these instruments.

10. Common Stock Incentive Plan

Our board of directors adopted our 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2016 Plan”) to enable us to motivate, attract and retain the services of directors, employees and consultants considered essential to our long-term success. The 2016 Plan offers our directors, employees and consultants an opportunity to own our stock or rights that will reflect our growth, development and financial success. Under the terms of the 2016 Plan, the aggregate number of shares of our common stock subject to options, restricted stock, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units and other awards, will be no more than 1,000,000 shares. Any equity awards that lapse, expire, terminate, are canceled or are forfeited (including forfeitures in connection with satisfaction of tax withholdings obligations of the recipient) are re-credited to the 2016 Plan’s reserve for future issuance. The 2016 Plan automatically terminates on the date which is ten years following the effective date of the 2016 Plan.

A summary of the restricted stock activity under the 2016 Plan and related information for the three months ended March 31, 2021 is included in the table below:

The remaining unrecognized compensation cost of approximately $2.8 million for restricted stock awards is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average amortization period of approximately 2.0 years as of March 31, 2021. The fair value of restricted stock that vested during the three months ended March 31, 2021 was approximately $8.6 million.

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The following table summarizes our RSU activity for the three months ended March 31, 2021. RSUs are issued as part of the Innovative Industrial Properties, Inc. Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan (the “Deferred Compensation Plan”), which allows a select group of management and our non-employee directors to defer receiving certain of their cash and equity-based compensation. RSUs are subject to vesting conditions of the Deferred Compensation Plan and have the same economic rights as shares of restricted stock under the 2016 Plan:

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The remaining unrecognized compensation cost of approximately $5.3 million for RSU awards is expected to be recognized over an amortization period of approximately 2.5 years as of March 31, 2021.

In January 2021, we issued 70,795 “target” PSUs to a select group of officers, which vest and are settled in shares of common stock (“Award Shares”) based on the Company’s total stockholder return over a period commencing on January 11, 2021 and ending on December 31, 2023 (the “Performance Period”) relative to two different comparator groups of companies. At the end of the Performance Period, a recipient of PSUs may receive as few as zero Award Shares or as many as 150% of the number of target PSUs in Award Shares, plus deemed dividends. PSUs will also be reduced as necessary so the total value at the vesting date does not exceed 800% of the grant date PSU price, and if the Company’s absolute total stockholder return during the Performance Period is negative, the payout of Award Shares is capped at the target number of PSUs, notwithstanding the Company’s outperformance of comparator groups. No dividends are paid to the recipient during the Performance Period. At the end of the Performance Period, if the Company’s total stockholder return is such that the recipient earns Award Shares, the recipient will receive additional shares of common stock relating to dividends deemed to have been paid and reinvested on the Award Shares. The recipient of the Award Shares may not sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of the Award Shares for a one-year period following the vesting date of the Award Shares.

The grant date fair value of the PSUs granted in January 2021 was $12.0 million. The fair value was calculated using a Monte Carlo simulation pricing model based on the following assumptions:

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The expected share price volatility was based on the historical volatility of our shares of common stock over a period of approximately the Performance Period. The risk-free interest rate was based on the zero-coupon risk-free interest rate derived from the Treasury Constant Maturities yield curve on the valuation date. The discount for the post vesting restriction was estimated using the Finnerty model.

Stock-based compensation for market-based PSU awards is based on the grant date fair value of the equity awards and is recognized over the Performance Period. For the three months ended March 31, 2021, we recognized stock-based compensation expense of $1.0 million relating to the PSU awards. As of March 31, 2021, the remaining unrecognized compensation cost of approximately $11.0 million relating to PSU awards is expected to be recognized over the remaining Performance Period of approximately 2.8 years.

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11. Commitments and Contingencies

Office Lease. The future contractual lease payments for our office lease and the reconciliation to the office lease liability reflected in our condensed consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2021 is presented in the table below (in thousands):

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Tenant Improvement Allowances. As of March 31, 2021, we had approximately $263.9 million of commitments related to tenant improvement allowances, which generally may be requested by the tenants at any time up until a date that is near the expiration of the initial term of the applicable lease.

Environmental Matters. We follow the policy of monitoring our properties, both targeted acquisition and existing properties, for the presence of hazardous or toxic substances. While there can be no assurance that a material environmental liability does not exist, we are not currently aware of any environmental liabilities that would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flow, or that we believe would require disclosure or the recording of a loss contingency.

Litigation. We may, from time to time, be a party to legal proceedings, which arise in the ordinary course of our business. We are not aware of any pending or threatened litigation that, if resolved against us, would have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

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12. Subsequent Events

Acquisitions

Subsequent to March 31, 2021, we acquired a 175,000 square foot industrial property in Michigan for approximately $15.6 million and executed a lease with Green Peak Industries, LLC (“Skymint”) for the entire property. Skymint is expected to complete tenant improvements at the property, for which we agreed to provide reimbursement of up to approximately $14.4 million.

Lease Amendments Providing for Additional Tenant Improvement Allowances

In April 2021, we amended our lease with a subsidiary of Jushi Holdings, Inc. at one of our Pennsylvania properties, increasing the tenant improvement allowance under the lease by $30.0 million to a total of approximately $40.0 million, which also resulted in a corresponding adjustment to the base rent for the lease at the property.

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lease our properties on a triple-net lease basis, where the tenant is responsible for all aspects of and costs related to the property and its operation during the lease term, including structural repairs, maintenance, taxes and insurance.

We were incorporated in Maryland on June 15, 2016. We conduct our business through a traditional umbrella partnership real estate investment trust, or UPREIT structure, in which our properties are owned by our Operating Partnership, directly or through subsidiaries. We are the sole general partner of our Operating Partnership and own, directly or through subsidiaries, 100% of the limited partnership interests in our Operating Partnership. As of March 31, 2021, we had 16 full-time employees.

As of March 31, 2021, we owned 68 properties that were 100% leased to state-licensed cannabis operators and comprising an aggregate of approximately 5.9 million rentable square feet (including approximately 2.1 million rentable square feet under development/redevelopment) in 18 states, with a weighted-average remaining lease term of approximately 16.7 years. As of March 31, 2021, we had invested approximately $1.1 billion in the aggregate (excluding transaction costs) and had committed an additional approximately $330.0 million (including tenant improvements and construction costs accrued but not yet funded as of March 31, 2021) to reimburse certain tenants and sellers for completion of construction and tenant improvements at our properties.

Factors Impacting Our Operating Results

Our results of operations are affected by a number of factors and depend on the rental revenues we receive from the properties that we acquire, the timing of lease expirations, general market conditions, the regulatory environment in the regulated cannabis industry, and the competitive environment for real estate assets that support the regulated cannabis industry.

Rental Revenues

We receive income primarily from rental revenues generated by the properties that we acquire. The amount of rental revenues depends upon a number of factors, including:

The properties that we acquire consist of real estate assets that support the regulated cannabis industry. Changes in federal law and current favorable state or local laws in the cannabis industry may impair our ability to renew or re-lease properties and the ability of our tenants to fulfill their lease obligations and could materially and adversely affect our ability to maintain or increase rental rates for our properties.

Conditions in Our Markets

Positive or negative changes in regulatory, economic or other conditions, drought, and natural disasters in the markets where we acquire properties may affect our overall financial performance.

The current outbreak of the novel coronavirus, or COVID-19, or the future outbreak of any other highly infectious or contagious diseases, could materially and adversely impact or cause disruption to our tenants and their operations, and in turn our performance, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. The extent to which COVID-19 impacts our operations and those of our tenants will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, including the scope, severity and duration of the outbreak, the actions taken to contain the outbreak or mitigate its impact, and the direct and indirect economic effects of the outbreak and containment measures, among others.

Our tenants’ ability to pay their rent obligations to us depends, in part, on whether our tenants can continue their regulated cannabis operations and the ability and willingness of consumers to visit dispensary businesses. In the large majority of states that have legalized cannabis, state governmental authorities have recognized both medical-use and adult-use cannabis operations, including supply chain activities such as cultivation, processing, distribution and dispensary activities, as “essential businesses”, allowing them to remain open and operational. While laws and practices vary from state to state, state and local governmental authorities and regulated cannabis businesses have taken additional measures to ensure the safety and well-being of employees, patients and consumers, including but not limited to restrictions associated with social distancing requirements and additional levels of protection for medical cannabis patients with more vulnerability to health complications from COVID-19. Despite these measures, cannabis dispensaries may experience declines in customer traffic or may be required to close in response to new government regulatory orders, which could have a significant adverse financial impact on certain of our tenants.

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In 2020, we undertook in-depth discussions with each of our tenants as they navigated the COVID-19 pandemic and associated severe economic disruption. In light of those discussions, in 2020, we granted temporary base rent and property management fee deferrals to three affected tenants. In connection with these deferrals, we entered into lease amendments with the three affected tenants to apply a portion of the security deposits that we hold under the leases to pay a portion of the March 2020 rent (for one tenant), pay April 2020 rent in full, defer rent for May and June 2020 in full, and provide for the pro rata repayment of the security deposit and deferred rent over an 18 month time period starting July 1, 2020. Pursuant to these amendments, a total of approximately $940,000 of security deposits were applied to the payment of base rent, property management fees and associated lease penalties for March and April 2020, including approximately $185,000 related to the partial payment of the March 2020 base rent and property management fees for one of the tenants; and a total of approximately $1.5 million in rent was deferred for May and June 2020. As of March 31, 2021, we have not executed deferrals for any other tenants, other than the deferrals for the three tenants discussed above.

Significant Tenants and Concentrations of Risk

As of March 31, 2021, we owned 68 properties located in 18 states. Many of our tenants are tenants at multiple properties. We seek to manage our portfolio-level risk through geographic diversification and by minimizing dependence on any single property or tenant. At March 31, 2021, none of our properties accounted for 5% or more of our net real estate held for investment. See Note 2 in the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements for further information regarding the tenants in our portfolio that represented the largest percentage of our total rental revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2021.

Competitive Environment

We face competition from a diverse mix of market participants, including but not limited to, other companies with similar business models, independent investors, hedge funds, lenders and other real estate investors, as well as potential tenants (cannabis operators themselves), all of whom may compete with us in our efforts to acquire real estate zoned for regulated cannabis operations. Competition from others may diminish our opportunities to acquire a desired property on favorable terms or at all. In addition, this competition may put pressure on us to reduce the rental rates below those that we expect to charge for the properties that we acquire, which would adversely affect our financial results.

Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses include general and administrative expenses, including personnel costs, stock-based compensation, and legal, accounting and other expenses related to corporate governance, public reporting and compliance with the various provisions of U.S. securities laws. We generally structure our leases so that the tenant is responsible for taxes, maintenance, insurance and structural repairs with respect to the premises throughout the lease term. Increases or decreases in such operating expenses will impact our overall financial performance.

Our Qualification as a REIT

We have been organized and operate our business so as to qualify to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Shares of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock are subject to restrictions on ownership and transfer that are intended, among other purposes, to assist us in qualifying and maintaining our qualification as a REIT. In order for us to qualify as a REIT under the Code, the relevant sections of our charter provide that, subject to certain exceptions, no person or entity may own, or be deemed to own, by virtue of the applicable constructive ownership provisions of the Code, more than 9.8% (in value or number of shares, whichever is more restrictive) of the aggregate of our outstanding shares of stock or Series A Preferred Stock or more than 9.8% (in value or number of shares, whichever is more restrictive) of our outstanding common stock or any class or series of our outstanding preferred stock.

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Results of Operations

Investments in Real Estate

See Note 6 in the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements for information regarding our investments in real estate activity and property portfolio activity during the three months ended March 31, 2021.